Assessing the impacts of nuclear desalination and geoengineering to address China's water shortages

• China will have enough nuclear power by 2030 to eradicate water scarcity. • Nuclear desalination would be affordable even for the poorest Chinese households. • It emits hundreds of times less CO2 than the STNWTP and coal desalination. • Nuclear desalination should be used to supply water to the coastal demand centers. • Water supply from STNWTP should be limited to remote provinces. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Critical assessment of mega-projects is emerging as a much-needed discipline in an era when, in many places, resource demands exceed environmental capacity. This techno-economic study, using the Desalination Economic Evaluation Program developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency, shows that by 2030, China will have the capacity to produce 23.1 billion m 3 of water annually, at $0.86/m 3 , as a co-product of electricity generation through nuclear power, provided that the country favors desalination over water diversion. We calculate that the resulting water production and supply chain needed to eradicate absolute scarcity for 0.16 billion people will cost between $0.99/m 3 and $1.79/m 3 , and we prove that this will be affordable, even for the poorest inhabitants. We then compare both coal and nuclear desalination with the currently planned South–North Water Transfer Mega-Project and show that, while the short-run cost of water diversion is lower, critical vulnerabilities and future resource demands favor nuclear desalination. In China, several provinces, especially in the North and East, experience moderate to severe water shortages, affecting municipal, industrial, and agriculture needs. The total national shortage in 2030 is forecasted to be nearly 200 billion m 3 with more than 25% for domestic needs [1]. Water-use efficiency, recycling and conservation programs have been implemented to save water, but they have not addressed the shortage issue in its totality. Cross-region water diversion projects have been undertaken to address lack of water. In particular, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (STNWP), presented in Fig. 1, aims at diverting about 27 billion m 3 of water from Yangtze River and Danjiangkou reservoir to water-scarce Northern provinces. This project, expected to cost more than $30 billion for the Eastern and Central routes, and to require 530 MW of energy generation for pumping capacity, will not increase the total quantity of water available to the nation. Its costs, scale, and impacts warrant a framework to alternative, possibly …